stmhal: Allow pyb.freq() function to change SYSCLK frequency.

Eg pyb.freq(120000000) sets the CPU to 120MHz.  The frequency can be set
at any point in the code, and can be changed as many times as you like.
Note that any active timers will need to be reconfigured after a freq
change.

Valid range is 24MHz to 168MHz (but not all freqs are supported).  The
code maintains a 48MHz clock for the USB at all times and it's possible
to change the frequency at a USB REPL and keep the REPL alive (well,
most of the time it stays, sometimes it resets the USB for some reason).
Note that USB does not work with pyb.freq of 24MHz.