This was a nasty bug to track down.  It only had consequences when the
heap size was just the right size to expose the rounding error in the
calculation of the finaliser table size.  And, a script had to allocate
a small (1 or 2 cell) object at the very end of the heap.  And, this
object must not have a finaliser.  And, the initial state of the heap
must have been all bits set to 1.  All these conspire on the pyboard,
but only if your run the script fresh (so unused memory is all 1's),
and if your script allocates a lot of small objects (eg 2-char strings
that are not interned).

Converts generted pins to use qstrs instead of string pointers.

This patch also adds the following functions:
pyb.Pin.names()
pyb.Pin.af_list()
pyb.Pin.gpio()

dir(pyb.Pin.board) and dir(pyb.Pin.cpu) also produce useful results.

pyb.Pin now takes kw args.

pyb.Pin.__str__ now prints more useful information about the pin
configuration.

I found the following functions in my boot.py to be useful:
```python
def pins():
    for pin_name in dir(pyb.Pin.board):
        pin = pyb.Pin(pin_name)
        print('{:10s} {:s}'.format(pin_name, str(pin)))

def af():
    for pin_name in dir(pyb.Pin.board):
        pin = pyb.Pin(pin_name)
        print('{:10s} {:s}'.format(pin_name, str(pin.af_list())))
```

Before this patch, eg, 1 << 75 (or any large multiple of 15) was setting
the MSB in the digits, which is outside the valid range of DIG_MASK.

This patch updates ST's HAL to the latest version, V1.3.0, dated 19 June
2014.  Files were copied verbatim from the ST package.  Only change was
to suppress compiler warning of unused variables in 4 places.

A lot of the changes from ST are cosmetic: comments and white space.
Some small code changes here and there, and addition of F411 header.

Main code change is how SysTick interrupt is set: it now has a
configuration variable to set the priority, so we no longer need to work
around this (originall in system_stm32f4xx.c).

Addresses issue #780.

Specifically, teensy port does not have these macros defined.

Addresses issue #790.

Follow rename of readline_init to readline_init0 on teensy

Make a clearer distinction between init functions that must be done
before any scripts can run (xxx_init0) and those that can be safely
deferred (xxx_init).

Fix bug initialising USB VCP exception.  Addresses issue #788.

Re-order some init function to improve reliability of
reset/soft-reset.

qstr_init is always called exactly before mp_init, so makes sense to
just have mp_init call it.  Similarly with
mp_init_emergency_exception_buf.  Doing this makes the ports simpler and
less error prone (ie they can no longer forget to call these).

Updated teensys usb.c and switched to using usb.h from stmhal.

Removed the local usb.h from teensey directory and now uses
the usb.h from the stmhal directory.
Fixed the deploy target to use abspath.

Fix teensy to work with the latest tree.

Written in Python, not currently working.  See issue #725.

Fix modos.c to compile for the STM32F4Discovery board

Some important changes to the way the file system is structured on the
pyboard:

1. 0: and 1: drive names are now replaced with POSIX inspired
directories, namely /flash and /sd.

2. Filesystem now supports the notion of a current working directory.
Supports the standard Python way of manipulating it: os.chdir and
os.getcwd.

3. On boot up, current directory is /flash if no SD inserted, else /sd
if SD inserted.  Then runs boot.py and main.py from the current dir.
This is the same as the old behaviour, but is much more consistent and
flexible (eg you can os.chdir in boot.py to change where main.py is run
from).

4. sys.path (for import) is now set to '' (current dir), plus /flash
and /flash/lib, and then /sd and /sd/lib if SD inserted.  This, along
with CWD, means that import now works properly.  You can import a file
from the current directory.

5. os.listdir is fixed to return just the basename, not the full path.

See issue #537 for background and discussion.

This reflects how it's done in stmhal/Makefile, via deploy.

Reduces by about a factor of 10 on average the amount of RAM needed to
store the line-number to bytecode map in the bytecode prelude.

Using CPython3.4's stdlib for statistics: previously, an average of
13 bytes were used per (bytecode offset, line-number offset) pair, and
now with this improvement, that's down to 1.3 bytes on average.

Large RAM usage before was due to some very large steps in line numbers,
both from the start of the first line in a function way down in the
file, and also functions that have big comments and/or big strings in
them (both cases were significant).

Although the savings are large on average for the CPython stdlib, it
won't have such a big effect for small scripts used in embedded
programming.

Addresses issue #648.

This removes mpz_as_int, since that was a terrible function (it
implemented saturating conversion).

Use mpz_as_int_checked and mpz_as_uint_checked.  These now work
correctly (they previously had wrong overflow checking, eg
print(chr(10000000000000)) on 32-bit machine would incorrectly convert
this large number to a small int).

Addresses issue #724.

For accel to start-up reliably, need to wait 30ms between on/off, and
30ms for it to enter active mode.  With this fix the accel can be read
immediately after initialising it.

Addresses issue #763.

Before, pyb.stdin/pyb.stdout allowed some kind of access to the USB VCP
device, but it was basic access.

This patch adds a proper USB_VCP class and object with much more control
over the USB VCP device.  Create an object with pyb.USB_VCP(), then use
this object as if it were a UART object.  It has send, recv, read,
write, and other methods.  send and recv allow a timeout to be specified.

Addresses issue 774.

This allows to create str's with a smaller length than initially asked
for.

Lexer is now 8-bit clean inside strings.

Add support for storing args during an exception raised by an irq.

Many OSes/CPUs have affinity to put "user" data into lower half of address
space. Take advantage of that and remap such addresses into full small int
range (including negative part).

If address is from upper half, long int will be used. Previously, small
int was returned for lower quarter of address space, and upper quarter. For
2 middle quarters, long int was used, which is clearly worse schedule than
the above.